Force-Deformation Response of Key Steel Components
The Steel Spring Web App brings together interactive prediction models for the nonlinear force–deformation response of key steel members, connections and components, for use as springs in numerical models of steel structures. Choose a card to open a model: each one takes the geometry and material properties you enter and draws the predicted backbone curve.
Developed by Dr Ahmed Elkady, University of Southampton. Email: a.elkady@soton.ac.uk · Homepage
Each model page lists the paper(s) to cite for that model, in its footer and in its own About box. Please cite the relevant paper whenever you use a model in your work.
These tools are provided for research and educational purposes only, without warranty of any kind. The predictions are estimates from the cited models and are only as reliable as those models within their validity ranges. Results should be checked independently by a qualified engineer before being used in design or assessment.
© 2026 Ahmed Elkady, University of Southampton. All rights reserved.
Wide-flange column
M-θ backbone
HSS column
M-θ backbone
Web panel zone
V-γ / M-θ backbone
Rigid connection
RBS / non-RBS M-θ backbone
Extended endplate connection
M-θ backbone + mode classification
Flush endplate connection
M-θ backbone (MVLR + ANN)
Bolts
Trilinear F-Δ response
Coming soon
T-Stubs
Full-range F-Δ response
Coming soon
Angle Cleats
Full-range F-Δ response